Mô tả

BÀI 17. ÔN TẬP VỀ PHỤ ÂM ĐẦU
Review of initial consonants

Phụ âm đầu trong âm tiết tiếng Việt

The initial consonants Vietnamese syllable

Consonants are produced by obstructing the flow of air through the vocal tract in some manner.

The Vietnamese consonants are represented in the following chart based on the place and manner of their production (articulation).

* The consonants p in the Hanoi dialect occur only in words borrowed from European languages. Ex: pê-đan; The consonants r usually pronounced /z/.

Below is a table of the initial consonant system of Vietnamese based on similarities with English:

 The Vietnamese consonants are represented in the following chart based on the place and manner of their production (articulation):

Notes that: The place of articulation of sounds indicates where the obstruction takes place and the organs involved:

- The labial consonants are made with one or both lips; dental, with tongue tip and upper front teeth; retroflex, with tongue tip curled back past the alveolar ridge; palatal, with front of the tongue and the hard palate; velar, with back of the tongue and the velum; and glottal, with the vocal cords (p, b, ph, v, m).

- The stop consonants are made when the organs of speech involved come together, then completely cut off the flow of air momentarily, followed by abrupt separation (p, t, tr, ch, k; b, g; th).

- The fricative consonants are produced with the organs of speech brought very close together, leaving only a very narrow channel through which the air squeezes on its way out, producing turbulence in the process (ph, x, s, kh, h; v, d, r, g).

- The nasal sounds are produced with air escaping through the nose; the velum is lowered to allow access to the nasal tract (m, n, nh, ng).

- The lateral sound [l] is produced with the air is obstructed by the tongue at a point along the center of the mouth, but the sides of the tongue are left low so that air is allowed to escape over both sides of the tongue.

- The voiceless consonants are produced if the vocal cords are apart (inactive) (p, t, tr, ch, k; th; ph, x, s, kh, h).

- The voiced consonants are produced if the vocal cords are very close together, the air will blow them apart as it forces its way through and make them vibrate, producing a voiced sound (b, g; v, d, gi, r, g; m, n, nh, ng; l; r).

- The rolled consonant r is made with a sequence of rapid vibratory movements produced by the tongue tip.

Note that some consonants can be written in two or three different ways. See the table below: